The Argument For Substance Dualism Essay - 1549 Words

Codie Highland Arguments for Substance Dualism In this essay, I will discuss and formally analyze the opinions in approval of substance dualism and conclude that substance dualism is without a doubt an accurate way of thinking. Firstly, it is important to describe what exactly what I mean by substance dualism. Basically, it asks a very menial question such as: what kind of thing is our mind? According to substance dualists aka Descartes, the mind and the body are composed of different substances and that the mind is a thinking thing that lacks the usual attributes of physical objects such as size, shape, location etc. [Descartes] Substance dualism is then tested by different opinions which in return vouch for its soundness. At the start, I will talk about the argument from the religion aspect for dualism. Most major world religions are based on separating the ‘mind’ and ‘body’. The eternal ‘mind’ or soul either ends up in heaven or hell, free from the ‘body’ itself. According to a number of religions, there is some sort of life after you die; a good example of this is angels which some call the ‘mind’ of god exists without any physical presence. This is what we come to know as substance dualism or something that is very relative to a form of substance dualism. As a result, seeing how uncertain dualism is, in principle, the similar would be a willing to also be uncertain in one s religious tradition, which a lot of people find challenging to do. [Churchland] Yet, it mustShow MoreRelatedDescartes Arguments for Substance Dualism2259 Words   |  10 Pagesconvincing argument for the claim that mind and matter are distinct substances Descartes’ Argument For Dualism In his Meditations Rene Descartes aimed to reconstruct the whole of science by trying to prove the distinction between mind and matter. He gives an argument from doubt, and another from conceivability. I will give a brief summary of the foundations Descartes builds his thesis on, and then looking at his arguments and whether they are capable of persuading us that dualism is a logicalRead MoreThe Concept of Dualism Essay1013 Words   |  5 Pagesmachinequot; form of substance dualism best solves the mind body problem. My views in this area have been influenced by my twelve years of Catholic education. The soul, or mind, depending on your level of belief, was a complete and separate entity and was the center of a human being. The body was an ambulatory device that the soul directed. The idea that the mind is a separate entity and that it is independent of the physical body is the central point of substance dualism. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Read MoreDualism And Belief That The Mind And Brain Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pagesto J.P. Moreland in his argument for dualism, he states that humans are composed of both an immaterial substance and a physical substance. Moreland notes that there are contrasting differences between the minds and the brains and that they are ultimately separate entities. By defending dualism, Moreland seeks to make nonbelievers believe in immaterial souls, while discrediting materialism. We can look at the arguments in which Moreland uses to support the argument of dualism and belief that the mindRead MoreRealism : Reality And Dualism1340 Words   |  6 PagesTeena Lin PHI 1500 Fall 2017 Final Paper Reality is Dualism There are currently four major theories about the nature of reality and substance— materialism/physicalism, idealism, transcendental idealism, and dualism. Materialism is the theory that there is only the physical and material world. Idealism takes the position that reality is made up of ideas and immaterial. Transcendental idealism holds the idea that our experience of things are shaped by how they appear to us and not by what they areRead MoreWhat are the strengths and weaknesses of dualism and monism?1569 Words   |  7 PagesDualism and monism is a famous philosophy topic from ancient to now. The word Dualism means that our physical and our mental are independent. And our body and our mind cannot be the same. It is because of mind and body is two separate substances. In the contract, the monism means that both of the physical and mental are combined being one. And our mind and body are indivisible and are each influenced by the other. The monism and dualism individually has its strengths and weaknesses. The mindRead MoreThe Mind Body Problem And Cartesian Dualism1024 Words   |  5 Pagesand Cartesian Dualism In this paper I will argue for Cartesian dualism to be the most plausible solution to the mind-body problem. Cartesian dualism argues that there is a two-way interaction between mental and physical substances. Renee Descartes, the creator of the theory, believed that a man consisted of matter, the physical things that walk and talk etc., and mind, the nonphysical substance (often correlated with the soul) that thinks, doubts, remembers, etc. The first argument in CartesianRead MoreFor Years, Philosophers Have Debated The Mind-Body Problem,1195 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosopher Descartes believed in substance dualism, the belief that the mind and the body are two different things. In this essay, I will examine Descartes’ substance dualism theory. First, I will review Descartes’s theory and reasons that support it. Then, I will review objections with Descartes’s argument. After that, I will imagine how Descartes would respond to these objections. Finally, I will conclude with an overall assessment. Descartes’ substance dualism theory was formed in the seventeenthRead MoreThe Mind / Brain Identity Theory1718 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes’s Dualism of substances, which became one of the most lasting legacies in his philosophy. However, a scientifically stronger interpretation was advanced through the Mind/Brain Identity theory. Prior to discussing how Elliott Sober’s presentation of the Identity Theory is philosophically stronger than Dualism, I will begin by evaluating the philosophical perspective of Dualism; I will examine the distinction between mental and physical substance and assess the strengths of dualism. I will alsoRead MoreArgument of Dualism1036 Words   |  5 PagesArguments of Dualism Dualism is the theory that mind and matter are two distinct things. The main argument for dualism is that facts about the objective external world of particles and fields of force, as revealed by modern physical science, are not facts about how things appear from any particular point of view, whereas facts about subjective experience are precisely about how things are from the point of view of individual conscious subjects. They have to be described in the first person asRead MoreDualism And Dualism Between The Mind And Body And Materialistic World Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesBoth monism and dualism, ideas debated amongst philosophers for centuries, involve trying to explain the relation between the mind and body, or if there even is such a correlation. A monist believes that a person is singular in their being. This means that monists do not distinguish the mind from the body, or even reality from the physical world, such as life after death (Schaffer 32). For a monist, reality is confined to the materialistic world. Oppositely, there is dualism. Though there are many

Business Analysis Consumerization Type Technologies (...

As the phenomenon of consumerization continues to become more pervasive across enterprises, CIOs must think differently about the technologies they use and how those technologies enhance the end-user experience, while also balancing the supportability and security of the IT environment. Technologies must not hinder employee productivity, and yet must protect enterprise data and the firm’s intellectual property. Consumerization has also forced CIOs to make significant changes in policies, security, and infrastructure. Additionally, CIOs must consider the end-user’s use of the technology, and consider their need to access data and applications while in the field. With this in mind, CIOs are turning to cloud and virtualization technologies to provide the ultimate in flexibility and choice, while maintaining security. Infrastructure decisions related to consumerization are becoming increasingly difficult as there are few vendors that provide a complete stack of service s that are integrated across the CIO’s need for security, support, functionality, and management of the environment. What makes this even more difficult is the fact that there is very little standardization across consumerization-type technologies (Harteveld, 2012). This leads to a varied â€Å"stack† of technologies that CIOs must knit together seamlessly to provide a functional and secure user experience that does not hinder the users’ productivity. From an architectural perspective, in order to support

Economic Development Improvement of a Nation

Question: Discuss about the Economic Development for Improvement of a Nation. Answer: Introduction Economic development refers to the process of improvement of a nation. The term Economic development is frequently used in the 20th century. It is concern with the well-being of the people of a region or well-being of people all over the world. Prior to 1970s, development was measured in terms of productivity and increase in GDP. However, economic performance like GDP or GNP, per capita etc. are measures of economic growth, which is also a key attribute to the economic development. Economic development includes the development of the health care system; education and safety and security as well. Development also considers the environment aspect. Development in the developing or less developed worlds is of major importance. It is often seen that a poor nation has improved in terms of output but there is no economic development has taken place. However, many have opined that economic growth will lead to development itself, as increase in income will be spent on human development. Ranis et al. (2012) stated that there is two-way relationship between growth and development. They have stated that, economic growth will increase the spending capacity of the people, which will further improve their well-being. Similarly, economic well-being of the people will further contribute to economic growth. However, economic growth does not ensure equality in the society. This paper will discuss the concept of economic development and it will also verify whether the Millennium Development Goals satisfy the meaning of this economic phenomenon. Economic Development In the traditional economic theories, there is an overlap between economic growth and economic development. The concept of development was quite narrow. In the recent studies of development, the economists directly focus on the poverty; income distribution and unemployment of the nations. Since 1970s, the economic development has been redefined and reducing poverty; unemployment and inequality are the major concerns. It has been seen that in many developing nations the growth rate has increased but it showed little improvement in terms of decline in unemployment; inequality and poverty level (Batt 2012). Development has to be considered as a multidimensional process that also involves changes in the social structure, popular attitudes and national institutions. Through development process, the condition of life must move away from unsatisfactory condition towards a materially and spiritually better life. Nobel laureate Amartya Sen discusses development in terms of capability approach. According to him, development has to be more apprehensive with progressing the live people are living and freedoms people are enjoying. What matters for well-being is not what a person has, rather what use a person can do of the commodities available to him. In this regard, Sen has called it functioning.Controlling own life; freedom of choice is the main aspect of well-being. According to Sens approach, real income or consumption level is not always sufficient to measure the economic well-being.This is because; a person might have higher income but certain essential commodities like nutritious foods is not available and even if one has lot of commodity available they are not desired by the consumers. Well-being of people is psychological state that can be followedtogether with the functioning such as dignity and health. Capability is the freedom of choosing functioning given the personal features of the person and command over the commodities. According to him, human well-being is the sense of being literate; being healthy nourished and long-lived. Sen has argued that, happiness is the human wellbeing. Utility in the sense of happiness is an important functioning relevant to well-being of a person.Level of happiness increases the average income of the country. Capabilities such as education; health and freedom are the major notions of happiness that indicates economic development. Development is a broad concept and it is often questioned that what constitutes the good life and how entire society can be moved towards a better system. Three basic core values serve as a conceptual basis to understand the proper meaning of development. The core values are sustenance; self-esteem and freedom. These are the common goals for all individual in a society. Sustenance is the ability to meet basic needs of the people. Food; clothing and shelter are necessary to sustain life at the bare minimum level. Life-sustaining basic human needs also includes protection. When any of these needs is absent or lacking, then it is claimed that it is a case of absolute underdevelopment. Without these basic needs life would impossible and economic development is required to improve the quality of life. Self-Esteem is to be a person and not used by others as a tool for their own ends. It is a sense of worth and self-respect. It is a feeling of worthiness in a society that promotes human val ues like dignity; integrity; respect and self-determination (Todaro and Smith 2014). However, the self-esteem varies from society to society because of different culture. The more developed is a society, the more is the worthiness and esteem are attached to the people. Economic development is thus required to gain esteem.Freedom is the ability of people to choose.It involves the prolonged range of choices. It has been argued that economic wealth increases the range of choices. Wealth permits people to attain greater regulatory power over nature than a poor. Development as freedom allows people to choose leisure. It can be said that development is both a state of mind and a physical reality that a society achieves through different economic; social and institutional process and secures better life(Green and Piel 2015). Regardless, the specific components of a better life development have three major objectives, such as: to upsurge the accessibility and extend the circulation of elementary life-sustaining goods, like food; shelter; health and security; To raise living levels in terms of high income, better education, facility of more jobs and devotion of cultural and human values, in order to enhance material well-being and individual self-esteem to enlarge variety of economic and social choice available to people of a nation by releasing them from slavery and dependence in relation to other people as well as from forces of ignorance and human desolation. In the following section, it will verify, whether Millennium Development Goals (MDG) fit into the concept of development discussed above. Millennium Development Goals In 2000, the member countries of United Nation committed to make considerable progress by alleviating poverty and to achieve other human development goal by 2015. The member nations have adopted eight goals is commonly referred as Millennium Development Goals. MDGs recognize multidimensional aspect of development and poverty eradication. This is one of the strongest international commitments taken together to reduce global poverty. The eight goals emphasize on: removing high poverty and hunger; attaining primary education for all; promoting gender equality in order to empower women; improving maternal health; fighting diseases like malaria; HIV/AIDS etc.; reducing child mortality; confirming environment sustainability and establishing global partnership for development (Todaro and Smith 2014). Each goals have some specific targets achievable by 2015. The first goal addresses the problem of poverty. It targets to diminish to half the percentage of people, living below $1 per day and reducing the proportion of people by half who are suffering from hunger. The second goal addresses the problem of illiteracy. It targets to provide all girls and boys a full course of primary education. The third goal addresses the gender inequality and the need for woman empowerment. It targets to remove gender inequality in secondary as well as primary education by 2005 and attaining gender parity at all level by 2015 (Alkire and Sumner 2013). The fourth goal addresses the problem of child mortality. It targets to reduce child mortality rate by 2/3rd. The fifth goal addresses the delinquency in maternal health. It targets to reduce maternal mortality ratio by 3/4th. The sixth goal recognizes problem in terms of health hazards, it targets to inverse the spread of HIV/AIDS and reverse the occurrence of malaria and other diseases. The seventh goal recog nizes the need for sustainable environment. This goal has to be achieved through integrating principle of sustainable development into the policies and programs of the government(Griggs et al. 2013). It has to reverse the loss of conservational resources. Percentage of people without sufficient access to safe drinking water has been targeted to reduce by half. Environment sustainability aimed to be ensured by improving the lives of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020. The eighth goal addresses the need for global partnership for development. It targets to assist least developed countries by accessing their export without quota and tariff; improved program for heavily indebted poor countries. More assistance would be provided to the countries that aims to reduce poverty. Corporation among developed and developing nation to implement strategies for a productive and decent work for youth. The major focus of MDGs is to alleviate poverty. The sustainability in environment is essential for securing a way to move away from poverty. This is because; the targets of environment sustainability goal address the needs of the poor. Therefore, it can be said that without protecting the poor it is difficult to escape from poverty. MDGs have also faces some criticism. This is because; many believe that the targets are not ambitious as it only project to reduce past rates within 15 years in future. In some region, after reducing the indicators by half the level is still much higher than the desired level. The goals are not prioritized, as reducing hunger may hinder the achievement of other educational and health targets. However, the correlation of objectives of MDGs might be unspoken and they are treated as stand-alone objective, but actually they are complements of each other (World Health Organization 2013). It is questionable whether MDGs can fit into the definition of developme nt. This is for example, $1 per day is too low to attain the three core values, i.e. sustenance; self-esteem and freedom. The MDGs should have focused on reducing the subsidy on agriculture by the rich nation, which is the major obstacle for less developed nations. Moreover, MDGs do not emphasizes on improving the legal and human rights for poor. It misses the need for slowing down the global warming that has been causing potential harm to the African and south east Asian countries. MDGs targets to make primary education accessible to all. However, attaining this goal is not meaningful if there is no further opportunity for further higher education. This goal can only be achieved if there are school infrastructure and efficient teachers, which are not addressed by MDGs. Though MDGs targets to reduce existing disparity in gender but it less focuses on expanding gender equality (Comim and Nussbaum 2014). It has been argued that MDGs are hard to be achieved by the worst-off countries, thus no significant progress cannot be made by them (Sachs 2012). Measuring the changes in proportion is inappropriate to understand the actual improvement of well-being. For example, halving poverty rate of a country from 10% to 5% represents achieving the target (50% poverty reduction) that reducing poverty rate by another term from 50% to 35% (only 30% reduction). But in real term, the later one has shown better progress, as its baseline is far below. Moreover, the MDGs related to health only focus on child mortality; maternity health and some infectious diseases. This unrecognized several other health issues and overarched the goal of freedom from illness is missing in these objectives (Doddand Cassels 2013). The goals of global partnership are criticised by many authors, as it focuses on commitment of developed nations and ignored the consequences of resource transfer from developing nation. Therefore, empowerment of developing nations is hindered. Therefore, it can be said tha t MDGs do not meet the objective of the development completely. Conclusion Each of the goals are commendable, however, MDGs do have some inherent limitations. The paper has described the concept of economic development. It has identified the well-being parameters and opined that the development is related to human happiness. The Millennium Development Goals aims to achieve certain targets but it bypassed many major aspects of development. By attaining the targets, the society would be better-off but ultimate development of human well-being may not be achieved. References Alkire, S. and Sumner, A., 2013. Multidimensional poverty and the post-2015 MDGs. Development, 56(1), pp.46-51. Batt, H.W., 2012. Development and Wealth: A Georgist Perspective. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 71(4), pp.1004-1046. Comim, F. and Nussbaum, M.C. eds., 2014. Capabilities, gender, equality: towards fundamental entitlements. Cambridge University Press. Dodd, R. and Cassels, A., 2013. Health, development and the Millennium Development Goals. Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology. Green, M.G. and Piel, J.A., 2015. Theories of human development: A comparative approach. Psychology Press. Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockstrm, J., hman, M.C., Shyamsundar, P., Steffen, W., Glaser, G., Kanie, N. and Noble, I., 2013. Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, 495(7441), pp.305-307. Ranis, G., Gersovitz, M., Diaz-Alejandro, C.F. and Rosenzweig, M.R. eds., 2012. The Theory and Experience of Economic Development: Essays in Honour of Sir Arthur Lewis. Routledge. Sachs, J.D., 2012. From millennium development goals to sustainable development goals. The Lancet, 379(9832), pp.2206-2211. Todaro, M.P. and Smith, S.C. 2014, Economic Development, 12th Edition, Addison Wesley Longman Inc, USA World Health Organization, 2013. Millennium development goals (MDGs). Fact sheet N, 290.

Great Gatsby Essays (541 words) - The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby

Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby paints the picture of the way life was in the twenties. This society has the characteristics of an egotist and one who pays no attention the character of themselves. Fitzgerald's style influences the reader to portray this era as a carefree "do what feels good" society. However, Fitzgerald introduces the countless number of tragedies that take place. Through diction, imagery, and details Fitzgerald creates a morose tone. The writer evokes the reader's feelings through particular words and their meanings. In the phrase, ". . . I began to look involuntarily out the window for other cars," the word involuntarily grabs the reader. This phrase makes the reader feel melancholy for Gatsby because it it's depressing for no one to come to the funeral. It reveals how Nick and Mr. Gatz experience anticipation. Both of them know devoutly that no one will come pay their respects to Jay Gatsby. Mainly because they wait half an hour for people to show up. Also, in the phrase ". . . his eyes began to blink anxiously" the word anxiously shows Nick's dolefulness for the lack of sympathy that Gatsby fails to receive. The word procession reflects the despair and lack of friendship that Gatsby witnesses in his life. The lack of companionship that Gatsby has cogitates how lonely and despondent he is. Through the uses of certain words the author helps express feelings and emotions of the morose tone. Through imagery Fitzgerald can make the reader feel like they are in the story. Water, specifically evokes the senses. It describes how the procession of cars stopped in a thick drizzle. This depicts how gloomy it appears outside. The reader can hardly see the three cars because of continuous soaking. They describe a motor hearse as ". .. horribly black and wet." A hearse normally portrays a solemn feeling, but the words horribly, black, and wet allow the reader to feel the misery and mournfulness of death. The ground is soggy as someone splashes through it. You can smell the wet turf and feel the saturation beneath the feet. The use of water in the story aids the reader in understanding the morose setting. Fitzgerald uses certain detailed sequences to help explain the somberness of Jay Gatsby. In the first significant sequence Nick and Mr. Gatz wait for people to show up at the funeral. This shows the lack of friends and well-wishers that are in Gatsby's life. The reader feels cheerless for Gatsby due to the lack of fulfillment he has in his life. Next, after a half hour the procession of three cars finally reaches the cemetery. This pathetic scene shows the products of Gatsby's arrogant and cocky lifestyle. Because of his personality, very few come to pay their respects. This is a very lugubrious situation. Finally, the scene in which the unidentified man comes to pay his respects helps the reader view Gatsby through a different perspective. Though Gatsby was not well liked, this lone stranger looked past the arrogant ways and saw an intellectual man. However, it it's still poignant how no one comes to the funeral. These significant sequences give the reader better understanding of the morose tone and the emotional state of Jay Gatsby. Due to the way Fitzgerald portrays the passage in slow motion to make the reader feel each emotion and see each image in such vivid detail, it's as if the reader is seeing it take place. Through diction, imagery, and details Fitzgerald produces a morose tone.

Blacks from 1880-1955 essays

Blacks from 1880-1955 essays Race relations have changed dramatically since 1801 and 2001. In 200 years, blacks and whites have found some common ground; they for the most part can work together, play together, and some can even worship the same God of their choice together. But between the years of 1880 and 1955, things werent always that simple. Although slavery had ended some years ago, the mental impact of slavery had yet to be emancipated. The miracle of change was nowhere to be found during that time; and the eras of Reconstruction after the Civil War, the Harlem Renaissance, African-American views on World War II, and even the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka outcomes would all have been very different had the racial tensions been eased. African-Americans only wanted to be considered equal to whites, but would that ever happen? The period of Reconstruction- the immediate age after the Civil War, which was how and when the northern and southern United States had to come together to mend their broken nation. African-Americans, or rather former slaves, would reap the benefits of reconstruction because Northerners fought to secure economic rights and civil liberties for them. After the war, blacks did not have legal rights or the material resources to make them even feel close to equal to their white counterparts. Conditions in the south werent good for anybody. There were approximately 4 million black people being released from the epidemic of slavery, some had been of service to the Confederate army or as teamsters and laborers for Southern armed forces. Nearly 200,000 had fought for the Union, and 38,000 had died. (Brinkley 509) For blacks, freedom meant a series of things; slavery was over and so were the inequalities and degradation that went along with it. But it also should have mean that they (Africa n-Americans) now should have the same rights and freedoms that white men and women had. However, black people wanted reparations. So...

Fundraise to cure Autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundraise to cure Autism - Essay Example Some of the explanations for the occurrence of autism are explained by the presence of heavy metal in the environment and pesticides or the vaccines given at child hood. The later lacks scientific proof and do not hold any fact. The prevalence of autism is said to have assumed an upward trend and for every 1,000 births in the US, 11 are diagnosed with autism-courtesy of the Centre for Disease Control (Belli, 24). With reference to autism, most of the children who are diagnosed cannot be given proper management of the disease for recovery due to their parent inability to pay for the cost of the management. Autism is not given direct medication; it is a collection of psychosocial intervention to give remedies in this situation, which includes; occupational therapy, language and speech therapy, structured teaching, and social skills among other (Struat,2011). The specialist who can offer the management of the condition needs payment, which may not be forthcoming to most of the parent. In a bid to show solidarity with the affected families, I call for a fundraising to help the families foot the bills for the medication purpose. I believe that through fundraising we are able to constitute a significant pool of resources that will enable us take care of the situation in helping our nation not to have generation that are not socially active. The fund raising is not stipulating any specific amount but will be a way of joining hands to realize a specific goals where individuals would have not made it. I therefore appeal the entire public to purpose contributing towards eradication of the condition amidst us. The two pictures displayed below shows the effect of the condition to a child who has not been given any attention in the management of the condition and one who has been attended to. This will help you understand the seriousness of the condition if left unattended (Randolph, 2012). Issues involving fundraising

Mass production for ordinary consumers (Thesis- I believe that mass Essay

Mass production for ordinary consumers (Thesis- I believe that mass production of food by companies for consumers are putting the life of individual at risk - Essay Example ney and guarantees stability of quality but I believe that mass production of food by companies for consumers are putting the life of individual at risk. Most obviously mass production of food was reasonable and necessary at the times of industrialization when many people were moving from villages to cities. It helped to provide all classes of population with cheap food of a decent quality because it was made under uniformed conditions. However, as a result all local production has become less and less profitable and local cuisine has ceased to exist (Local Shops 1). In all the regions of the United states people can buy Domino`s pizza with the same taste and eat McDonald`s cheeseburgers. Moreover, in all the countries of the world it is possible to buy Coca–Cola and Lay`s and be sure that their taste is absolutely familiar. Supermarkets took places of small bakeries and vegetable stores turning people into robots who do not differentiate between a chicken from a neighborhood farm and a chicken from a big factory. It makes people less aware of what they are eating and it influences their health. As food giants tend to sell as many products as possible they need to save money on ingredients. It is no wonder that food made on factories and prepared in fast food restaurant chains is not expensive and good looking. First, it mostly contains fats, sodium, and sugar that are harmful for health. Moreover, there is a necessity to guarantee that almost all food will be sold that is why food giants make everything possible to extend the shelf life of the products. A number of additives are supposed to make food look more appealing. However, such ingredients as olestra, aspartame, artificial colors and flavors, monosodium glutamate, saccharin, sodium nitrate, sulfites, cyclamate, caffeine, BHA, BHT and acesulfame-potassium, are not natural and can evoke allergic reaction (Bruso 1). Mass production and fast food industry are considered to be the primary reasons of